Square Cut Tenon Jack Rafters

This task model was suppose to be a study of the under purlin rafter with lip cut, lower claw, intersecting a valley rafter. Well, now it's grown into a study of mortise and tenons as well. After looking at the last two Timber Framing Guild projects I decided I needed to add a mortise or two to the task model. The task model now has 12 mortises. The ridges, post, knee braces and jack rafters now have mortises with tenons. Nothing special about the mortises at the ridges, post and knee braces. However, the jack rafters have a square cut tenon. The only thing I really knew about the square cut tenon on the jack rafters was from reading " When Roofs Collide" by Will Beemer of the Timber Framing School of Heartwood in Washington, Massachusetts.

www.heartwoodschool.com

In Will's article he explains how to develop the jack rafter tenon on the folding roof surface and goes onto explain how to use the Hawkindale Angles, P2, P5 and A9 for the mortise tenon layout on the hip and jack rafter. I started off using the draw down roof surface method for one of the jack rafters with the square cut tenon. It worked, however I then used the profile rafter to develop the jack rafter with the square cut tenon and thought it was more accurate and easier to layout. Four perpendicular lines from the jack rafter in plan view develop the jack rafter with the square cut tenon in profile view. The one thing I wasn't sure of, was the seat cut on the bottom of the jack rafter or seat housing in the hip rafter mortise. So I used the jack rafter lip-claw angle for the bottom seat angle on the jack rafter with the square cut tenon. Developing the claw line angle using geometry for the jack rafter is pretty straightforward, but you also need to know the depth of the mortise on the hip rafter. The depth of the mortise is taken from the hip rafter profile view.

Update: Will Beemer emailed me saying that the seat on the bottom of the jack rafter uses the clip-lip-claw angle on the bottom of the jack rafter for the housing seat, but the tenon is cut so the tenon has continuous grain.

After laying out the hip rafter in profile, I saw that I could layout the mortise for the tenon on the unbacked shoulder of the hip rafter. The layout on the hip rafter is 90° to the edge of the hip rafter for the square cut tenon and the other angle is the hip rafter side cut angle that we already have from the geometric layout at the foot and peak of the hip rafter. I mortised the hip rafter before I edge beveled the hip rafter for the hip rafter backing angle. With the mortise for the square cut tenon already cut on the hip rafter it automatically develops the correct angles once the hip rafter rafter is backed out. Just like the head cut of the hip rafter. The hip rafter side cut angle develops into the jack rafter side cut angle when the hip rafter is backed out, edge beveled.

You could layout  the square cut tenon using a framing square. The angles you would need to know are the jack rafter side cut angle, hip rafter side cut angle, hip rafter and jack rafter slope-pitch. You could use the slope of the roof for the seat on the hip rafter square cut mortise and leave the bottom of the jack rafter without a seat.

This is one of those projects where everything went wrong that could go wrong. I cut the 2x4 base plates only to realize that my compound miter saw blade was not square to the table saw. So all of the cuts on the base plates are not perfect. Then I dry fitted some of the task model pieces with wooden dowels made of poplar, that broke when the pieces were doweled together. Alot of the cuts with my dull japanese pull saw don't look perfect. I started off the project thinking I was going to dowel and glue all pieces. After assembling the base, post, ridge and knee braces with dowel I'll never use dowels again.

Here's a link to the 70 or so photos of the project.

I started off by drawing the task model on a piece of drafting paper 4' x 6' . It was fun, but the eraser and everything else, left too many smug marks and I needed a place to build the task model.

I finally used several sheets of thick poster board to draw out the remaining geometry.

Picture of the geometric layout for the mortise on the unbacked shoulder of the hip rafter.

Hip rafter with mortises cut on the unbacked hip rafter.

Here I'm checking the depth of the mortise and checking to see if the mortise is square to the edge of the hip rafter. 

Jack Rafter square cut tenon geometric layout in profile.

In this drawing I'm laying out the valley rafter. The top of the valley rafter has one edge that is beveled for the valley rafter backing angle and the other top edge is square-flat, not backed out. For the edge that is not backed out the valley jack rafters will have an upper claw that rest on top of the valley rafter.

Drawing showing the square tail cut on the valley rafter.

I started labeling the lines in the drawing. Either claw, bevel or seat to make it easier to lay out the valley jack rafters with claws. 

I also labeled each line on the timber with c for claw line, b for back bevel line or s for the seat line.

You can never have enough framing squares.

Picture of the jack rafters with the square cut tenon and the valley jack rafters with the upper claw resting on top of the valley rafter.

Some SketchUp drawings that I used to develop the geometric layout for the task model.

Valley Rafter task Model

Testing the Roof Framing Geometry Propositions – Axioms on a under purlin with lip cut, lower claw, intersecting a valley rafter. The Roof Framing Geometry Propositions – Axioms work on a purlin rafter to valley rafter, however the geometric lines are reversed for the upper and lower claw lines on the purlin rafter that intersects a hip rafter. 

Notes:

1. The Valley Rafter Claw Line,Bottom Edge of the Valley Rafter, Planes with the Top Edge of the Purlin Rafter.
2. Intersection of Valley Rafter Foot Print Line & Extended  Purlin Rafter Top Edge Plane Line defines the Valley Rafter Claw Line.

Drawing with a purlin intersecting a hip rafter and valley rafter.

Roof Framing Geometry Proposition – Axioms # 10:
The intersections of the valley rafter roof surface line, at the foot of the valley rafter, and the profile rafter foot print line defines the valley rafter claw line for the upper claw lines on jack rafters.

Roof Framing Geometry Proposition – Axioms # 11:
The intersections of the valley rafter foot print line and the top of the purlin rafter top edge plane line defines the valley rafter claw line for the lower claw line on purlin rafters.

Verkanteter Gratsparren Axiom # 9

After looking at a 37 page solution to the jack rafter claw angles in a PDF file designed by a German Trainer for the World Skills Carpentry Competition, I'm adding a new Roof Framing Propositions – Axiom that applies to hip rafters rotated into the roof surface. This Axiom should eliminate a couple of the geometric steps to draw out the lower claw lines for jack rafters that are plumb to the earth. The  German Trainer's task model has the Verkanteter Gratsparren, canted hip rafter, with the jack rafters lower claw geometric development. His geometric development for the lower claw lines wasn't understandable, maybe because I don't understand some of the German Zimmerman drawing techniques yet. However, this Axiom should make it easier to draw out the lower claws lines for jack rafters no matter what  language you speak or read.

Roof Framing Geometry Proposition – Axioms # 9:
If the hip rafter foot print line is parallel to the jack rafter run line, then the lower claw line for the jack rafter is parallel to the jack rafter run line.

This Axiom will apply to roofs with an eave angle of 90°, with equal or unequal profile roof slope angles.

If you have Tréteaux Angles for RafterTools+ app for iPhone or Rafter Bevel Angles app with the Tréteaux Angles , you can check your drawings using P17a-DP for the upper claw angle, P16a-DP for the lower claw angle and P18a-DP for the back bevel angle on the top edge of the jack rafter. In this example I entered an Eave Angle of 90°, Main Slope Angle of 55.00798° and an Adjacent Slope Angle of 48.01279°. The hip rafter width does not affect the lower or upper claw angles in the app.

Some of the drawings to develop the DP line of the hip rafter rotated into the roof surface.